Rutledge et al. (2007) revealed VO2 values at 6.5, 7.5 and 8.5 mph on an aquatic treadmill with no jet resistance to be 33.97 ± 4.0, 37.96 ± 4.0, and 43.6 ± 4.0 mL•kg-1•min-1, respectively. Watson et al. (2012) also revealed VO2 values on an aquatic treadmill at 4.5, 6.0, and 7.5 mph with no jet resistance to be 20.58 ± 3.36, 29.27 ± 3.89, and 35.77 ± 4.02 mL•kg-1•min-1, respectively. These articles demonstrate the linear relationship that exists with increasing workloads with concomitant increases in VO2 with aquatic treadmill running. As metabolic demands increase, a reliance on anaerobic metabolism ensues and the work rate at which lactate begins to accumulate in the blood is called the lactate threshold (LT) (Stainsby & Brooks, 1990). The importance of determining LT is supported by a large body of evidence to predict aerobic endurance capacity (Faude, Kindermann, & Meyer, 2009). As such, researchers have employed great efforts to predict LT via field tests to determine the correct training intensity for endurance athletes (McGehee, Tanner, & Houmard, 2005).

An early study of LT revealed a strong relationship (r ≥ .91) between treadmill velocity at the onset of plasma lactate accumulation and running performance at distances ranging from 3.2 km to 42 km (Farrell, Wilmore, Coyle, Billing, and Costill, 1979). In other words, a faster sustainable work rate prior to a lactate accumulation or threshold will increase performance.

Comparisons for lactate concentrations during deep water and land treadmill running have been examined previously. Frangolias and Rhodes (1996) reviewed that during submaximal intensities of deep water versus land running, at the same relative VO2 water exercise resulted in a lower HR with higher blood lactate, RER, and RPE. These same authors previously reported that at maximal efforts on land versus deep water running, there was no statistical difference between lactate concentrations 30 s and 5 min post-exercise (Frangolias & Rhodes, 1995). However, not all water immersion running studies support similar peak lactate values (Frangolias & Rhodes, 1996; Svedenhag & Seger, 1992).

In a shallow water pool, a study by Town and Bradley (1991) revealed no statistical differences between land and water running for peak lactate values. However, lactate concentration in the water was 80% of that from land exercise. The authors stated that the “push-off” phase, which enabled ground contact, elicited similar running technique to land treadmills and could be partially responsible for similar physiological responses to land.

In recent years the availability of aquatic treadmills allows for a more favorable comparison of land and water running due to the implication of the “push-off” phase as discussed by Town and Bradley. Silvers et al. (2007) revealed no statistical difference between peak lactate concentrations in VO2peak tests run on land versus aquatic treadmills. Zobell (2009) examined a comparison of LT between land and aquatic treadmill running which showed higher lactate levels in the water compared to land. However, no clear answers have developed as to a comparison of the LT on land vs. aquatic treadmill running. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the LT while running on a land and an aquatic treadmill and compare to see if the intensities are equivalent.

Over 30% (770 million acres) of U.S. land cover is rangelands, yet in Utah, roughly 80 percent of land cover is rangelands2. Rangelands can be managed to increase soil carbon storage through more equitable distribution of grazing pressure over time and space to reduce forage plant defoliation and increase carbon inputs from standing plants to soils3. The overall ability of rangelands to sequester carbon depends on plant species, soil type, regional climate, topography, and management practice.

Even though the per acre carbon sequestration potential of rangelands may be less than that of either forestlands or croplands, the large size of rangelands in Utah and the U.S. suggests a great overall carbon sequestration potential, particularly in below-ground biomass and soils4,5. What does this mean and what role can rangeland owners play in carbon sequestration?

Methods: The participants of this study are male Division I college football players at Utah State University. The athletes included 45 players ranging from 18-26 and include freshman through seniors.

Results: Over eighty six percent of the athletes were unaware that a nutritionist was readily available to them. Sixty percent of the athletes were interested in meeting with the nutritionist. Forty percent of the athletes ate at a fast-food restaurant daily while 31.5% ate at these restaurants three to five days a week. Fifty one percent of the athletes answered “yes” to trying to “gain weight” while 40% answered “no”. Over forty six percent of the athletes rely on “strength coaches” for guidance and 25.5% for teammates &/or friends & family.

Conclusion: Continued research on dietary interventions would be helpful to determine the ideal way to improve nutrition knowledge on an individual and team basis. Given the proper guidance, the team would be able to see the benefits of proper nutrition and dietary habits both on and off the field.

As China increases its influence among the world’s major powers, many argue that it will soon confront the United States. Whether or not this happens will be determined by how successful China is at creating new “friends” in the international system. As the United States’ primacy maintains a high level of cultural and economic influence throughout the world, China may have to create new economic, political, and social norms in order to attract new partners. These partners will help offset the United States’ dominating influence over the global political order. This paper argues that an increased level of trade and investment in Africa is one of China’s strategies to create a new identity by engaging in Social Creativity, as Social Identity Theory (SIT) specifies.

First, current theories of why China is engaging in Africa will be evaluated. This evaluation includes theories of Liberalism, Colonialism/Neo-colonialism, and Neo-realism. The most effective at answering the question of why China invests so heavily in Africa is neo-realism, arguing that China engages Africa to ascertain resources and gain a geopolitical advantage in the region,. However, this does not fully explain Chinese behavior in the region. The paper will then explain the origins and applications of Social Identity Theory in explaining China’s Africa policy. After laying out the theoretical discussion, the paper will analyze two case studies. The first is a comprehensive look at China’s behavior and policy towards Africa as a group of states. The second is an investigation of how SIT applies on a micro level, using statements and news sources to analyze the case of Zimbabwe.

Ecologically-based invasive plant management, or EBIPM, is an alternative holistic management approach that aims to understand and manipulate the ecological processes influencing weed invasions, and works to prevent further invasions as well as to treat areas that are already dominated by invasive weeds. EBIPM combines rangeland health assessment, successional theory, ecological principles, tools and strategies, and adaptive management in a 5-step, decision-making framework for a proactive approach to treating and preventing the spread of invasive weeds. The EBIPM method is arranged in a five step framework.

Outreach and education is an important part of a weed management program like EBIPM, as it helps to create awareness and acceptance among managers, policy makers, and the public. EBIPM outreach and education efforts include: a field school that has been held the past 4 years, field tours to demonstrate new techniques and research, manager guidebooks to teach professionals about the EBIPM process, a high school curriculum, and a website.

In order to inform future land managers about EBIPM, a university curriculum has been created to fit into a wide variety of undergraduate courses. This curriculum is compromised of six modules. The first module provides an overview of the EBIPM decision-making framework. The subsequent five modules are aligned with the five steps in the framework. Each module contains a synoptic reading describing the linkages between ecological concepts and management practices, case studies, in-class and field activities, review questions, additional resources, and a Power Point presentation. Each of the modules was reviewed and assessed by a weed ecologist, outreach education specialist, and a media specialist. The curriculum is posted online for access by university students and educators.

Elasticity of the casino revenue with respect to the adjusted crime rate is estimated to be +-0.22+-0.1 and elasticity of the adjusted crime rate with respect to casino revenue to be 0.29+-0.27. In addition, using the regression of the personal income on the casino revenue in Las Vegas, the impact of the adjusted crime rate on the regional economy is estimated. Results show that one percent increase in crime leads to cumulative decreases in the personal income by $105+-$44 per household per year.

Policy implications based on findings in this research are i) efforts to reduce crime can be effective tool to boost the regional economy (in Las Vegas), ii) cutting the link between casino gambling and crime is important; to cut the link, pay more attention on education or regulation to reduce pathological gamblers, usurious loans and the fraud related to casino gambling, and iii) improving the image of casino gambling that are related to crimes and thus attracting more visitors.

In addition to the vowel filters, filters for nasal and liquid consonants were found using LPC analysis. Transition filters between these consonants and vowels were determined using LSFs. These transitions were tested as well.

Simulation was used to compare the results of eleven marketing options based on the level of marketing activities in wholesale and farmers’ markets. The simulation results were then analyzed using stochastic efficiency with respect to a function (SERF). The results find that risk averse producers will prefer to market to both outlets (portfolio), while risk neutral producers will prefer to market exclusively to farmers’ markets.

From preliminary trials using starches (waxy corn, waxy rice, and instant tapioca starch), xanthan and guar gums, and polydextrose, we determined that LF string cheese made using xanthan gum most closely resembled commercial string cheese. LF cheese was then made using a 10% xanthan gum slurry added at 0.25%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, and 2.0% (wt/wt) levels. Cheeses were analyzed for fat, salt, pH, and moisture. After 2 wk of 4° C storage, the cheese was analyzed for extent of stringiness by pulling apart the cheese longitudinally, visually observing and photographing the size, length and appearance of individual strings of cheese. Hardness was determined using a Warner-Bratzler shear test. A consumer liking test was conducted after 2 and 8 wk storage time at 6° C.

At 2-wk storage, using a hedonic scale (1 to 9) for overall liking, the LF string cheese with 1% added xanthan slurry (score = 6.8) was liked more (PWhen considered on a JAR scale, most of the panelists scored the LF cheese with added xanthan gum (1%) as having the right texture, while only some did so for the retail cheese. The LF control cheese with no added gum was considered too firm. Using a visual comparison, adding the xanthan gum slurry produced greater fiber formation with the longest and most complete string separation. After 8 wk storage, the LF cheeses had softened extensively with fracture stress for LF cheese decreasing from 12 to 20 kg at 2 wk to 1.5 to 3 kg at 8 wk. Extent of stringiness also decreased during storage.

Specifically, this study focuses on the use of alkaline peroxide pretreatment under varying conditions for processing lignocellulosic biomass. Optimal conditions for alkaline peroxide pretreatment were identified for increasing subsequent enzymatic saccharification to fermentable sugars.

This study also evaluated the use of alkaline pretreatment for algal biomass that is present in the Logan Lagoon Wastewater System in order to enhance the anaerobic digestibility of the algae. Different bacterial seed sludges were also evaluated for increasing gas production from anaerobic digestion of algal biomass.

Methods: Sixteen participants received a CWI treatment (10 °C) until either intramuscular thigh temperature (2 cm sub-adipose) decreased 7 °C below pre-exercise level or 30 minutes was reached. Temperature was recorded every 30 seconds using skin and implantable fine-wire thermocouples. Temperature reductions and cooling rates were analyzed.

Results: Five out of the 16 participants cooled 7 °C below baseline within 30 min. Adipose thickness and percent body fat are significantly correlated with CWI cooling rate (M=0.27 °C/min) (p<.01). Intramuscular tissue continues to significantly cool post-CWI (p<.005) an average of 1.7°C for an average of 23 min. Minimal intramuscular tissue cooling is achieved after 10 and 15 min (M=2.5°C, M=4.0°C respectively).

Discussion: CWI treatment protocols need to be based on adipose thickness and target tissue depth. Recommended cooling of acute injuries to reduce secondary hypoxia is likely greater than cooling needed for post-workout recovery to reduce EIMD.

My contribution towards this work includes designing the user interfaces using Vitruvian Alignment links, design and implement mean, standard deviation and neural classification methods using Vitruvian DB objects.

years. With minimal information regarding bike park design currently available, the planning and design of these facilities remains largely a grassroots effort. This thesis project develops a methodology that approaches the creation of mountain bike resorts on ski mountain terrain based on landscape architectural best practices, sustainable trail

construction techniques, and site-specific requirements. For this project, the terrain of Powder Mountain, a privately owned ski resort above Eden, UT, was selected due to the management’s interest in the study’s relevance to expanding recreational summer offerings, and the proximity to Utah State University.

This research analyzes the Powder Mountain landscape and infrastructure to develop a Master plan, outlining trail corridors, feature placement, and terrain suitability for future trail

development. The basis for these design decisions were analyses from site visits, case studies, and GIS analyses. In addition, a worldwide survey of mountain bike park user experiences was conducted to further understanding of the elements of an ideal mountain bike resort. Throughout the process, these findings were augmented by consultation with professional mountain bike park designers and refined through an iterative design process to create a Master plan based on landscape architectural best practices that will guide the development of summer mountain bike recreation facilities on Powder Mountain.

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of acupuncture on both musculoskeletal injuries and athletic performance.

Methods: Published literature was reviewed based on certain inclusion criteria. Thirty total articles were included in this study.

Results: Acupuncture seems to be effective in pain reduction. However, this may not be long term. Increases in exercise capacity and decreased heart rates were also seen with acupuncture treatment.

The study concerns the behavioral responses of adult Uinta ground squirrels, Citellus armatus, to trapping. I based the study on the direct observations of known individuals in a wild population. My primary objective was to learn how animals respond to a trap, to capture, and to recapture. My approach was both that of a population ecologist interested in factors affecting trapping success and that of a behaviorist interested in the effect of trapping procedures on the behavior of animals.

I conducted a broad ecological and behavioral study of the population (Balph and Stokes, 1963) before beginning the research on trap response, which helped me select parameters and develop procedures. I also conducted a pilot study on deer mice, Peromyscus maniculatus, in the laboratory to test some procedures and the design of the trap-response investigation.