To begin addressing this limitation, our research group at Utah State University (USU) has performed empirical research to observe the microscopic evacuation behavior of individuals with disabilities in heterogeneous population contexts. The purpose of this research was to: (1) develop and analyze evacuation curves to understand and assess evacuation strategies for heterogeneous populations, and (2) analyze the microscopic behavior of evacuees at exit doors necessary for developing credible and valid pedestrian and evacuation models. Doing so will contribute to evacuation models which replicate accurate patterns of pedestrian and evacuation behavior of heterogeneous populations, leading to the consideration of the evacuation needs of individuals with disabilities.

In this dissertation, we mainly study a classical facility location problem: the k- center problem and several of its variations, on uncertain points each of which has multiple locations that follow a probability density function (pdf). We develop efficient algorithms for solving these problems. Since these problems more or less have certain geometric flavor, computational geometry techniques are utilized to help develop the algorithms. In particular, we first study the k-center problem on uncertain points on a line, which is aimed to find k centers on the line to minimize the maximum expected distance from all uncertain points to their expected closest centers. We develop efficient algorithms for both the continuous case where the location of every uncertain point follows a continuous piecewise-uniform pdf and the discrete case where each uncertain point has multiple discrete locations each associated with a probability. The time complexities of our algorithms are nearly linear and match those for the same problem on deterministic points. Then, we consider the one-center problem (i.e., k= 1) on a tree, where each uncertain point has multiple locations in the tree and we want to compute a center in the tree to minimize the maximum expected distance from it to all uncertain points. We solve the problem in linear time by proposing a new algorithmic scheme, called the refined prune-and-search. Next, we consider the one-dimensional one-center problem of uncertain points with continuous pdfs, and the one-center problem in the plane under the rectilinear metric for uncertain points with discrete locations. We solve both problems in linear time, again by using the refined prune-and-search technique. In addition, we study the k-center problem on uncertain points in a tree. We present an efficient algorithm for the problem by proposing a new tree decomposition and developing several data structures. The tree decomposition and these data structures may be interesting in their own right. Finally, we consider the line-constrained k-center problem on deterministic points in the plane where the centers are required to be located on a given line. Several distance metrics including L₁, L₂, and L₁ are considered. We also study the line-constrained k-median and k-means problems in the plane. These problems have been studied before. Based on geometric observations, we design new algorithms that improve the previous work. The algorithms and techniques we developed in this dissertation may and other applications as well, in particular, on solving other related problems on uncertain data.

Statistically significant differences in body weight loss (P=0.052) were noted for goats browsing in different replications. Goats lost an average of 14 and 19 percent of body weight in replications one and two, respectively. Differential weight loss app eared to be related to variable crude protein levels in blackbrush twigs.

Small, but statistically significant differences were noted between replications for crude protein (P:0.002) and phosphorus (P=0.019) content in blackbrush twigs. Crude protein content averaged 4.9 and 4.4 percent for replications one and two, respectively; phosphorus content averaged 0.18 and 0.15 percent for replications one and two, respectively.

No statistically significant differences in plant production were noted among stocking rates; this was primarily a result of the low utilization levels. Site (replications) affected plant response (P:0.135), and terminal branches produced more current season's growth than did basal branches (P:0.162).

At the McLaren Mine, }1ontana, at 2800 m, it was observed that seedlings on revegetation plots were desiccated, indicating possible water deficits. Field and growth chamber studies were carried out to determine the effects of some spoil ameliorating treatments on leaf water potentials, leaf pressure potentials and seedling development and mortality. Poa alpina L. and Alopecurus pratensis L., the two plant species seeded are successful revegetation species in the area. The four treatments were: 1) a control group with no spoil treatment, 2) peatmoss incorporated into the spoils, 3) a surface mulch of jute net, and 4) peatmoss-plus-jute net.

Results showed a decrease in water stress experienced by plants on plots with spoil ameliorating treatments. The jute net, or peatmoss-plus-jute net treatments were the most effective in reducing water stress. Leaf pressure potential data were extremely variable, making it difficult to determine trends.

In the field seedling mortality was reduced on plots with jute net or peatmoss--plus-jute net. No trends were apparent in the growth chamber study. In both studies seedlings were larger with jute net or peatmoss-plus-jute net treatments.

The study site was located on a sandy soil dominated by the perennial shrub, Rhanterium suaveolens. Annual herbs were co-dominants of this community in early spring.

Four grazing treatments were employed during a month-long grazing season. These included; sheep grazing alone, goats grazing alone, sheep grazing with goats, and goats grazing with sheep. Stocking rates (1.9 sheep or goats per hectare per month) were comparable to those locally employed. Dietary composition was determined for randomly selected animals by a modified bite-count method, Forage intake was determined by the equation, I = F/1-D where I represented intake rate, F represented fecal output as determined from collections using standard fecal bags, and D represented digestibility of composite diets as determined by in vitro techniques. Animals were weighed weekly.

Diets of all treatment groups, except goats in the mixed herd, consisted primarily of annuals during the first week. During Week Two there was a gradual shift to perennials and by the third week, all treatment groups selected primarily perennial species for their diets, Perennials comprised over 90% of the diets, except for sheep in the mixed herd, by the end of the fourth week. Also, by Week Four, Rhanterium comprised 71-92% of the diets.

Estimates of forage quality indicated a declining trend in nutritional value of the forage over the grazing period. Dry matter consumption, digestibility of the diets, consumption of apparent digestible energy, dietary crude protein and apparent digestible protein all decreased from Week One to Week Four. These changes were probably attributable to a combination of factors including a decrease in plant species availability due to grazing, maturation of the remaining vegetation and a dietary shift from annuals to perennials.

Young animals gained weight at generally increasing rates throughout the grazing trial. Adult animals gained weight after the initial week but their rate of gain indicated a leveling off or even a decrease by the fourth week, probably in response to declining forage quality.

Animals in the mixed herd traveled farther during daily grazing periods than either of the single species herds. Goats grazing alone traveled farther than sheep grazing alone. Goats in the mixed herd may have influenced the sheep in that herd to travel more than sheep grazing alone.

Data on deer utilization and several habitat components from 86 study plots visited in 1976 were used to develop a habitat rule. Data from 46 study plots visited in 1977 were used to test the accuracy of the rule. Deer utilization was determined from pellet group counts on 20 0.001 ha pellet plots at each study plot.

The regression model accounted for 53 and 43 percent of the respective variation in pellet group density in mountain and desert habitats observed in 1976. However, the same model explained only 8 and 0.02 percent, respectively, of the observed variation in the 1977 validation test data.

Reliability and applicability of statistical habitat models and importance of validation of results are discussed.

At the McLaren Mine, located at 3000 m elevation in the Beartooth Mountains, Montana, active succession is occurring and is dominated by Carex species. Seed viability and successional patterns studies were conducted on the mine. The objectives included: 1) determinations of seed viability on the spoils, 2) determine to what extent the Carex communities enhanced seedling survival, 3) to quantify the vegetation characteristics within the Carex communities and adjacent mine spoil, and 4) determine the effect that Carex communities have on microenvironmental factors. Greenhouse tests were used to determine seed viability in soil samples taken from the mine. Paired observations in field studies were used to compare vegetational and microenvironmental differences between Carex communities and adjacent bare areas.

Statistical analyses of the data collected showed that there was an adequate source of viable seeds of various species in the spoils to encourage natural revegetation if they could become established. Seedling mortality was reduced in Carex communities, apparently by decreasing soil disruption caused by frost action. Carex communities altered the microenvironment by reducing soil temperatures, wind speed, and radiation flux, and by providing a richer source of nitrogen and potassium than did the bare areas. Carex communities did not alter ?oil pH, phosphorus or soil water. Measurement of microenvironmental factors varied between the center and edge locations within the Carex communities. Species diversity and percent litter cover increased with increase in community size.

Plasma chloride values did not change with playing time (0-5 minutes) at water temperatures of 11-13 C and 28-30 C but increased significantly after 1 minute of playing time at 16-20 C indicating an osmoregulatory disturbance. However, at 11-13 C, the plasma chloride values decreased to below values for controls (0 minute) by 72 hours. At 16-20 C, the plasma chloride levels were nearly normal by 24 hours and were at normal levels by 72 hours.

Plasma osmolality increased with playing time at all temperatures indicating an immediate osmoregulatory disturbance. The osmolality values returned to initial levels by 72 hours at the cooler water temperature of 11-13 C. However, at the warmer water temperature of 16-20 C, the osmolality values had not returned to the initial values by 72 hours.

Plasma glucose did not change at the cooler water temperatures of 11-13 C and 16-20 C but increased significantly at 5 minutes of playing time at 28-30 C reflecting the metabolic response of this species to warmer water temperature. The glucose values remained high throughout the entire 72-hour recovery period.

Smaller bass fatigued faster than larger bass at the higher water temperatures (21-26 C and 28-30 C) as indicated by increased blood lactate values. Smaller bass also demonstrated a faster response in plasma glucose levels, probably as a function of fish size and metabolism. Plasma chloride and osmolality in smaller bass showed a response similar to larger bass with an immediate disturbance in osmoregulatory process of fish as playing time increased.

Stress imposed on largemouth bass that were caught by angling was demonstrated by changes in the blood chemistry which indicated that sublethal disruption had occurred in the metabolism and osmoregulation of the fish. Handling or holding fish after capture, as in fishing tournaments, probably produces more stress on the fish than the act of being caught and played by anglers. Angling stress is additive to other stresses already imposed on the fish and could result in increased mortality of released fish if the fish cannot adapt readily. Furthermore, released fish may also be more susceptible to diseases or fungal infections and more vulnerable to predation.

The capitalized value (at 8 percent interest) of predicted annual consumer's surplus for all recreation was $865,800 for Bear River and $299,000 for Farmington Boy. Capitalization of the corresponding monopoly revenue estimates gave $276,900 for Bear River and $92,100 for Farmington Bay. At 3 percent interest, the capitalized consumer's surplus values increase to $4,242,000 for Bear River and $1,184,000 for Farmington Buy, while those for monopoly revenue increase to $1,330,000 for Bear River and $350,000 for Farmington Bay.

The author believes that consumer's surplus estimates are more valuable than monopoly revenue estimates for comparison with other values included in the benefit/cost analysis of water development projects because the needed values include more than a non-discriminating monopolist can extract.

It will never be possible to make additive estimates of all of the relevant values of natural areas used for outdoor recreation. Allocation decisions must draw on several disciplines in addition to economics to determine where the balance will swing for the greatest net benefit to society, nevertheless, the author believes that exceptions exist where the native flora and fauna can be managed to attract visitors such than an area can remain in natural production in perpetuity and be competitive with potentially conflicting interests in terms of measurable economic values.

It is believed that future research should concentrate on high-value sites and be directed toward sensitivity analysis, the simultaneous evaluation of alternative uses, the influence of the travel-time variable, marginal resource values, and off-site benefits.

Laboratory results indicated that juvenile bluehead sucker growth was greatest in the cooler temperature and slower velocity treatments. Collectively these results suggest spawning habitat is limited by the availability of small, rocky substrate and pools and rearing habitat is limited by the availability of deep, slow backwaters at the optimal temperature. By evaluating factors that may limit bluehead sucker population growth, this study will provide a template for future restoration efforts directed at recovering this imperiled population.

This paper presents an overview of the latest generation compact, low-mass, and low-power High Speed Downlink (HSD) radio that was built and deployed on over 100 3U form-factor Dove satellites that form Planet's Mission 1 constellation. The HSD operates at X-band and is built using commercial-o-the-shelf (COTS) parts with a high-gain spacecraft antenna and reasonably sized ground station antennas (4.5m - 7.6m diameter reflector). Planet's X-band ground station network includes 22 active dishes across 8 sites located around the world. Commercial standards, such as the DVB-S2 modulation and coding suite, have been used where appropriate. The latest generation HSD system is capable of providing downlink volumes of 12-15 GB during a single ground station pass, which has a duration of 7 to 10 minutes. Some lessons learned along the way are presented as Planet transitioned from building and operating a few prototypes to a production constellation of over 100 satellites and 22 active ground stations.

An Electric sail, a propellant-less propulsion system, uses solar wind ions to rapidly travel either to deep space or the inner solar system. Scientific spacecraft could reach Pluto in ~5 years, or the boundary of the solar system in ten to twelve years compared to the thirty-five plus years the Voyager spacecraft took.

The team’s recent focuses have been:

1) Developing a Particle in Cell (PIC) numeric engineering model from MSFC’s experimental data on the interaction between simulated solar wind and a charged bare wire that can be applied to a variety of missions,

2) Determining what missions could benefit from this revolutionary propulsion system,

3) Conceptualizing spacecraft designs for various tasks: to reach the solar system’s edge, to orbit the sun as Heliophysics sentinels, or to examine a multitude of asteroids.

To evaluate mountain pine beetle host selection preference for Great Basin bristlecone pine, I used no-choice 48-hour attack box experiments that confined pioneering female beetles onto pairs of living Great Basin bristlecone and limber pine (P. flexilis), a susceptible host tree species. To investigate the effect of induced tree defenses on host selection behavior, I repeated the tests on paired sections of Great Basin bristlecone and limber pines that had been recently cut, thereby removing their capacity for induced defensive reactions to an attack. Mountain pine beetles avoided Great Basin bristlecone pine relative to limber pine, suggesting that Great Basin bristlecone pine has a high level of resistance to mountain pine beetle due at least in part to stimuli that repel pioneering females from initiating attacks, even when induced defenses are compromised.

To investigate mountain pine beetle reproductive success in Great Basin bristlecone pine, I compared the mating success, fecundity, and brood production of mountain pine beetle parents placed in cut Great Basin bristlecone pine bolts with that of mountain pine beetles placed in cut bolts of limber pine and lodgepole pine (P. contorta), two susceptible species. Initial reproductive development was similar in all three tree species, but nearly all brood in Great Basin bristlecone pine died before emerging. The extensive offspring mortality observed in Great Basin bristlecone pine may be a key evolutionary driver behind mountain pine beetle aversion to the species. These findings suggest that Great Basin bristlecone pine is a highly resistant species with low vulnerability to climate-driven increases in mountain pine beetle outbreaks at high elevations.

Most of the molting geese were from the Bear River drainage. Some geese came from scattered areas in Utah, Idaho, Wyoming, and Montana. After molting, the geese flew to migration staging areas in southeastern Idaho before migrating to wintering areas in southern California and Arizona.

Females outnumbered males by 6 percent. The mean annual mortality rate for adult geese was 42 percent. Recovery rates between the sexes were not significantly different (P≤0.01). Juvenile geese were 1.4 times more vulnerable than adults to hunting mortality. Hunting pressure on the geese at the reservoirs was not great enough to be detrimental to the flock.

Of 89 nests, 53 percent were successful . Mean clutch size was 4.85 eggs per nest with a range of 1-7. Mammalian and avian predators destroyed 25 percent of the eggs. Forty-seven broods were observed with an average brood size of 4.77 young.

Other water fowl populations did not affect the goose population.

In the upper area, however, both 6-day starved lots returned to the creel in greater numbers (692) than the 1-day starved lots (643), and the main effect of starvation was significant at the 1 percent level in addition to the interaction being significant at the 5 percent level.

About 81 percent of the tags returned were from fish caught in the sections stocked. One percent of the tags were from fish that moved upstream and 18 percent from fish that moved approximately 3 miles or less downstream. No consistent downstream movement patterns were related to either starvation or time at stocking.

One week after the fishing season, 68 percent of all (19) tagged fish captured by electrofishing were 6-day starved fish, but this difference was not significant at the 10 percent level.

Nine wild, free-living experimentals were trapped in desert terrain, irradiated, transmittered, and released at the capture sites. Seven wild controls were treated similarly but were not irradiated. The field-irradiation dosage was 5,000 roentgens.

Tracking accuracy was determined by telemetering transmitters at fixed locations. Mean hourly movement was measured within 20-30 percent error and home ranges were measured with an error of less than 22 percent.

Experimentals had a mean hourly movement of 1,176,8 feet and controls 980.0 feet, significantly different at the .05 probability level. Experimentals had a bimodal activity curve with peaks at 5:00 p.m. and 3:00 to 5:00 or 6:00 a.m. Controls displayed no such pattern.

Experimentals had a mean, daily home range of 66.1 acres and controls 34,1 acres, significantly different at the .05 probability level. Experimentals had a seasonal home range of 279.0 acres and controls 247.0 acres, not significantly different at the .05 probability level.

A probability index showing the frequency distribution of each animal's activity within 300-foot concentric, circular bands around a geometric center of activity showed similar distributions for both groups. The greatest concentrations of activity were within the innermost band for each group but experimentals had a slightly greater scatter of points in the outermost zone. These distributions were not significantly different at the .05 probability level.

Sublethal, cerebral irradiation appears to have increased activity levels of experimental animals but not changed those home-range characteristics involving the total area occupied and tenacity of site attachment. This increased activity may have resulted from inhibitory areas in the cortex which permitted greater expression of activity from the limbic system.

Samples of benthic invertebrates (424 total) were collected every 2 8 days at four stations on Temple Fork of the Logan River, Utah, from October, 1967 to September, 1969. Samples of drift invertebrates (181 total) were collected every 14 days at three stations on Temple Fork during the same period. During summer months (June-September) a day and a night drift sample (681 total) were collected every other day.

Drift rates of O. sigma larvae were greatest (5,987 gm/year for O. sigma) when density in the benthos (256 mg/0.1 m²) and production (430 mg/0.1 m² /year) were greatest. Drift rates were not related positively to density in the benthos over an entire year, but drift rates were correlated positively and significantly (r = .78 and .55 for day drift of O. sigma and B. biaaudatus, respectively) with density during the months of June-September for both O. sigma larvae and B. bicaudatus nymphs. Flow, distance below the spring source of Temple Fork, and densities of competing aquatic insects were other factors of significance in the multiple regression analyses of factors affecting drift rates of the two insects. The 17 independent variables in the multiple regression analyses accounted for 65 percent and 55 percent of the variability in day drift rates of o. sigma and B. bicaudatus, respectively.

The adults of O. sigma (but not those of B. bicaudatus) undertook a definite upstream migration estimated at 2-3 km. This flight of adults resulted in a concentration of eggs being laid in the upper reaches of the stream. The advantage of the upstream flight may be that it stores reproductive products in areas where they are relatively safe from the effects of anchor-ice in the winter and floods in late winter and early spring.

It has been the policy of the Utah State Department of Fish and Game to trap and artificially spawn spawn every possible fish, leaving most of the spawning ground unused. This cost, plus the unknown advantage, if any, of artificial over natural reproduction led to the study of the possibilities of natural reproduction for replenishment of the cutthroat trout in the reservoir.

Greater total biomass and organic nitrogen was found in the above-ground portions, annual shoot productivity, and litter of the Atriplex community. However, the Atriplex community was exceeded by the Eurotia community in root biomass. Roots accounted for 74 and 87 percent of the plant biomass and 83 and 90 percent of the associated organic nitrogen in Eurotia and Atriplex communities respectively. Root biomass distribution at various depths was markedly different in the two communities. Differences between communities in relative amounts of various plant parts and litter are related to contrasting plant growth habit, and differences in soil texture and soil salinity. Total plant biomass estimates, which were 18,480 and 17,300 kilograms per hectare for Eurotia and Atriplex communities, were not significantly different and reflect the overriding influence of macroclimate and associated moisture limitation.

Under laboratory conditions the soil surface microflora of the Atriplex community was able to fix significant amounts of atmospheric nitrogen while that of the Eurotia community did not. Nitrogen fixation potential in the Atriplex community was associated with the presence of abundant lichen cover and associated heterocvstcontaining blue-green algae of lichen interspaces.

Differences between communities were found in rates of mineralization, downward flux, and pattern of utilization of inorganic soil nitrogen. Soil salinity appeared to strongly limit inorganic soil nitrogen mineralization as well as root growth and nitrogen uptake in the lower part of the Atriplex soil profile; however, this lack of biological activity was compensated for by a greater downward flux of inorganic soil nitrogen from decomposing litter and surface soil in the Atriplex community. Shoot and root litter appears to be the most readily available source of inorganic soil nitrogen for plant growth in salt desert shrub plant communities.

Large roots can greatly affect neutron soil-moisture measurements when the access hole is drilled through the root. Positive errors as large as 52 percent were found when the soil moisture was at field capacity. With dry and saturated conditions positive errors of 43 percent and 38 percent respectively, were found.

In most practical field situations, where the access hole is not drilled through large roots, root material appears to have very little effect, if any, on neutron soil-moisture measurements. The largest positive error found, when the access holes were not drilled through the roots, was only 8 percent. This occurred at a point where the access tube was in contact with the outside of a root

Angler use of the lake was estimated to be 10,054 angler days fished in 1975, culminating a seven-year increase in use, with subsequent declines in angling to 8,001 angler days in 1976 and 5,027 in 1977. A significant winter fishery developed in 1978. Anglers harvested an estimated 58,277, 44,918 and 22,469 bluegills and 5,791, 2,747 and 4,176 largemouth bass in 1975, 1976 and 1977, respectively. Angler catch rates for bluegills in respective years were 1.520, 1.640 and 1.130 fish/hr and 0.204, 0.094 and 0.213 fish/hr for largemouth bass. Bluegill age groups IV and V and largemouth bass age group III composed the majority of angler harvested fish in 1976 and 1977. Age and size composition of angler harvested bluegills indicated no statistically significant change between 1976 and 1977. Bass harvested by anglers in 1977 were significantly greater in weight than those harvested in 1976. The total annual mortality determined from scale analyses of angler harvested fish was 59.9% for bluegill and 71.6% for bass. A significant number of male bluegills was harvested by anglers in June 1977, the period of peak nesting activity. Anglers released 5,158 bluegills in 1977, of which an estimated 11% (565) were lost to hooking mortality. Of various hook sizes used to assess hooking mortality, number 8 regular shank hooks yielded the highest total mortality (18%). The lowest hooking mortality was with number 6 regular shank jig hooks (0%) and where the leader was cut and the hook allowed to remain (0%). Higher mortality of worm-hooked fish was attributed largely to anatomical location of hooking. Of the total (19) bluegill mortalities, 63% were hooked in the esophagus and 37% in the gill/gill arch.

Postwinter population sampling in May 1977 indicated the estimated standing crop weight was 40% less than the prewinter standing crop weight in Au gust 1976. A similar loss in standing crop (37%) was noted in weight from August 1977 to June 1978. The greatest loss in numbers was in young-of-the-year bluegill that suffered an estimated 98% overwinter mortality. Midwinter water quality analyses indicated that anoxic conditions occurred from 2.0 m below the ice to the bottom. An increase in hydrogen sulfide levels was also detected.

Recommendations for the fishery were (1) adjustment of the daily bag limit for the bluegill sport fishery with fluctuations in angling use; (2) continuation of a creel census from April 1 through July 31 similar to the design used in this study to annually assess angling use, catch rates, total harvest and the size and age composition of this harvest; (3) stomach analyses of potential predators to assess the overwinter mortality of blue gills; (4) retainment of the current bag limit on largemouth bass with future consideration of utilizing a 12-15-in (305-381 mm) total length limit to increase the numbers of larger, older bass in the population; (5) nonrestrictive use of terminal gear by anglers since hooking mortality of bluegills caught and released by anglers in the summer of 1977 was insignificant; (6 ) no size length restrictions on the bluegills retained by anglers; and (7) consideration of purchasing additional water storage from the irrigation company.

Harvest data provide an estimate of 5,207 and 5,903 cutthroat trout harvested in 1969 and 1970 respectively. The harvest estimates obtained in this study are not comparable to those made in 1967 and 1968 due to a difference in the methods used in obtaining these data.

The catches of cutthroat trout per hour in 1969 and 1970 were calculated to be 0.31 and 0.30 respectively, These relatively low success rates are coincident with the fluctuating volume flows of the Snake River.

Average lengths, condition factors, and catch per unit effort do not indicate significant changes in the fishery from past years.

status and subject dogmatism on anagram solving. The subjects were

90 college students. Only those subjects scoring in the upper or lower

thirds on the Dogmatism Scale were utilized. The same experimenter was

described as being of either high or low status in each class. In the

low status condition, the experimenter was introduced as a student making

up an incomplete, while in the high-status condition, the experimenter was

introduced as a Doctoral student doing research for a Federal Grant Agency.

Therefore, four experimental groups were formed in relation to two different

levels of dogmatism and two different statuses for the experimenter.

A two-way analysis of variance with one covariate {Composite ACT scores

to account for intellectual functioning) was computed using subject dogmatism

and experimenter status as the independent variables and anagram

performance as the dependent variable. It was found that neither the main

affects of subject dogmatism and experimenter status, nor the interaction

between the two variables were significant. Analysis of a questionnaire

designed to evaluate the status manipulation indicated that the manipulation

had not been effective. The problem of devising an effective status manipulation for a female experimenter was discussed in relation to future

research.

Since moisture stress affects a number of important physiological processes in plants and since moisture stress may develop in at least some tundra areas, this study was undertaken to determine whether the sensitivity of plant physiological processes to water stress may be one important contributing factor in determining the microsite distribution of different tundra species. The alpine tundra species examined in this study were Deschampsia caespitosa which is typically found in wet meadow habitats and Geum rossii, a species which ranges from wet meadow to exposed fellfield habitats. The arctic tundra species investigated were Dupontia fischeri which is restricted mainly to wet meadow areas and Carex aquatilis, a species ranging from wet meadows to drier, more exposed areas.

For both the arctic and al pine tundra species, though the photosynthetic capacities of the tundra species restricted mainly to wet meadow areas were higher under conditions of low moisture stress, the wider ranging tundra species were able to maintain greater photosynthetic capacity as soil moisture stress increased. Although the depression of photosynthesis with water stress in these tundra species could be partially attributed to reduced stomatal aperture, with decreased soil water potential most of the decline of photosynthesis was due to a greater non-stomatal or residual resistance, indicating a direct impact of water stress on the photosynthetic apparatus. Dark respiration did not increase with enhanced water stress. Thus, although photorespiration may have increased, increased mitochondrial respiration is unlikely involved in the depression of net photosynthesis. The wet site species typically exhibited higher photosynthesis/transpiration ratios for photosynthesis at low soil moisture stress levels; however, as soil moisture stress increased, the wider ranging species generally maintained higher photosynthesis/transpiration ratios.

At high soil water potentials stomata of the species restricted typically to wet meadow tundra areas did not appear to undergo a closing response until the bulk leaf water potential decreased; however, reduced stomatal aperture of the tundra species with a wider distribution was noted before leaf water potential dropped. Although the stomatal mechanism of wet site tundra species exhibited lower degrees of occlusion at high soil water potentials, for the more widely distributed tundra species, Carex and especially Geum, stomatal closure was less pronounced as soil water potential decreased.

The ability of Geumto maintain a low liquid phase water transfer resistance from the soil to the leaves as well as to experience relatively small reductions in turgor pressure as moisture stress increased may be important factors in maintaining a favorable leaf water balance over a rather broad range of soil moisture regimes. Differences in turgor pressure response with respect to moisture stress may be associated with differences in cell wall elasticity. Calculations of cell wall elasticity suggest that the wider ranging species have more elastic cell walls as compared with the more rigid, inelastic cell walls in the wet site tundra species. The results of this study show that tundra plants have different gas exchange sensitivities and water relation responses with respect to moisture stress and suggest that these at tributes may be important contributing factors in determining the local distribution of these species.

on a group of disorders referred to as internalizing disorders. Internalizing disorders can

include such problems as depression. anxiety, social withdrawal, and somatic complaints.

Even though research has begun to focus on internalizing disorders with majority

children. there has been very little research conducted on ethnic minority children, Native

American children in particular.

The present study involved obtaining a Native American sample and determining

their internalizing symptomology utilizing the Internalizing Symptom Scale for Children

(ISSC), the Reynolds Child Depression Scale (RCDS), and the State Trait Anxiety

Inventory for Children (ST AIC). The study sample was compared to a matched

normative sample from the ISSC database. Statistical procedures included bivariate

correlations, analysis of variance (ANOV A), and discriminant function analysis.

Correlations between the ISSC and the two comparison measures (RCDS and ST AIC)

were in the expected direction and of moderate to strong magnitude. The total

internalizing symptoms scores of the Native American (Lakota Sioux) sample were

similar to those of a matched comparison group from the ISSC national normative database.

However, the study sample evidenced a unique pattern of responses on the ISSC

subscales, reporting lower rates of both internalizing distress and positive affect. Teacher

nominations of potential "internalizers" proved to be a poor predictor of their self-reported

symptoms. Implications of this study for clinical practice and future research

directions in this area are discussed.

children is surprisingly limited. As yet, it is not clear if the process and symptoms of

internalizing disorders are the same across cultures. The need for further investigation is

heightened by the fact that, compared to the majority population, Native Americans are

believed to be at greater risk for psychological problems because of impoverished conditions,

high unemployment, and high numbers of traumatic events on the reservations. Additionally,

the losses of traditional culture and language are considered risk factors for greater

psychopathology. The negative ramifications of internalizing disorders (e.g., depression and

anxiety) include academic failure, lowered social skills and self-esteem, and greater risk for

substance abuse and suicide. Furthermore, evidence suggests that all children with mental

disorders are at high risk for severe psychopathology when left unidentified or untreated. It

seems clear that additional research is needed to better understand internalizing symptoms

among members of this cultural group.

To help meet this need, the present study focused on internalizing disorders among

Native American children from the southwest, utilizing a portion of extant data from the

Flower of Two Soils Project. This project was one of very few methodologically sound studies

that have been successful in obtaining multisource. multimethod data on social, emotional, and

behavioral functioning of Native American children. Data were collected using a modified

version of the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), Youth Self-Report (YSR), and Teacher's

Report Form (TRF) assessment instruments for parents, teachers, and children.

Findings with respect to elementary school-aged children found relatively high rates of

depression, anxiety, somatization symptoms and, potentially, disorders. These findings are a

cause for concern among parents, teachers, and all agencies responsible for children's mental

health. Across all three informant groups a consistent pattern of negative correlations was

observed between internalizing symptoms and child competencies. This finding is consistent

with previous findings for the general population. However,. competitiveness and academic

achievement were positively correlated with internalizing symptoms, perhaps indicating that an

emphasis on competitiveness and individual achievement is stressful for children from a

collectivistic Native American culture.

This was a descriptive study providing broad exploratory information, but there

remains a need for more focused research identifying multivariate relationships among relevant

variables. These findings should be cautiously interpreted and with due consideration for the

specific cultural and historical context of children and families. Recommendations are included

for research and practice.

Both hawks hunted actively throughout the day (0600 to 2100 hours MDT). Male 1 (1974) and Male 2 (1975) captured an average of 8.7 ± 2.0 and 9.0 ± 1.5 prey items per day, respectively, during the 4-wk observation period in each year. The hawks hunted by four distinguishable methods: (1) from a perch, (2) from the ground, (3) from low-altitude (active) flight, and (4) from high-altitude (soaring) flight. The birds made a total of 808 observed strikes and were successful in securing prey in 129 (16.6 percent) of those strikes. Success rate (successful strikes/total attempted strikes) varied significantly with hunting method.

The hawks were selective in their use of vegetation types for hunting. Both birds used the "bare ground" and "pasture" types more than expected by chance. Male 2 also over-used the "alfalfa" type. Both hawks significantly under-used the "grass-shrub," "grass or grain," "old field," "juniper," and "rush-grass" cover types. The differences in use of vegetation types could not be related to differences in prey biomass. The birds were selective in their use of areas which differed in density of vegetative cover. Areas with no cover were used by both hawks more than expected by chance; all other areas were under-used with the single exception of "dense" cover in 1975.

Previous experience was important to the birds' choice of hunting sites and hunting methods. Each hawk returned directly to the site of its last prey capture on more than half of its hunting forays. Similarly, each hawk tended to initiate a new hunting effort by using the hunting method that had been successful on its previous hunt.

In 1975, Male 2 switched its emphasis to a new major hunting area during the fourth week of observation. The apparent reason for the switch was a decline in success at the first hunting area due to the growth of vegetation which concealed prey.

Males 1 and 2 averaged 0.94 ± 0.43 and 1.27 ± 0.55 prey captures per hour of hunting time, respectively. Capture rates (captures/time) varied with hunting method. The amount of time a hawk spent hunting by each method was not related to its capture rate by that method. However, each bird's total use of sit-and-wait hunting (from a perch or from the ground) and of hunting from low-altitude flight was proportional to estimates of the number of captures per unit of energetic cost for those methods. Both hawks hunted from high-altitude flight more than expected on the basis of their catch/cost ratios for that technique. This suggests that soaring was not exclusively a hunting technique, but that it had some additional purpose unrelated to food gathering. There was some evidence that the hawks used major hunting sites which provided high benefit/cost ratios relative to the rest of their foraging ranges.

Both hawks foraged efficiently by concentrating more of their foraging time on the hunting method and in the hunting sites which yielded the highest number of prey captures per unit of energy ex-pended. The birds' use of secondary hunting areas may have contributed to their long-term foraging efficiency by informing them of changes in the foraging potential of different portions of their home ranges. Such flexible foraging patterns may be critical to the survival of predators which rely on highly variable small-mammal populations.

Root observation chambers with inclined Plexiglass windows were installed in monospecific desert communities of Atriplex confertifolia, Ceratoides lanata and Artemisia tridentata. Soil temperature and water potential measurements taken immediately adjacent to the observation windows indicated a minimal disturbance was caused by the presence of these chambers. For the three species initiation of root growth was observed before initiation of shoot activity, furthermore, active root growth extended over much longer periods during the year than shoot growth. Initial growth was observed for the three species in the upper soil layers in the spring. Later in the season most of the growth activity was measured at progressively greater depths in the soil. Measurable root growth was observed for Atriplexin August when the soil water potentials were in the range of -70 bars for 1972, and at water potentials of -60 bars for all three species during 1973. Detectable growth for these three species was recorded as late as January in 1974. Except for the main extension roots, individual apical meristems were seldom active for more than 2 weeks.

Atriplex confertifolia and Ceratoides lanata plots were labeled during the growth season with ¹⁴Co₂ in polyethylene enclosures to study both the partitioning of photosynthates to plant parts and their total allocation of carbon at the community level. A definite seasonal pattern of partitioning of recent photoassimilates corresponding to phenological events emerged. In the spring, photoassimilates were principally directed to shoot growth, especially expanding new leaves and vegetative buds. In terms of relative energy allocated to plant parts per unit dry weight basis, it appears that Ceratoides lanata expends less energy for reproductive organs. For both species, carbon used for new stems and previous years shoot growth appears to constitute a significant sink for energy use and storage. Relative translocation of carbon to roots was minimal during the spring for both species. It increased with the progression of the season reaching a maximum in July for Atriplex and at the end of the season for Ceratoides. Energy allocation at the community level for these species showed that approximately 60 and 40 percent of the recently photoassimilated ¹⁴C for the Atriplex-dominated community in July and September, respectively, appeared localized in the new shoot growth, the remaining was distributed in nearly equal amounts between previous year's shoot growth and the root system. The scheme of energy allocation in Ceratoides showed similar patterns of carbon utilization in July and September; approximately 80 percent of the fixed carbon was al located in approximately equal amounts to roots and new shoot growth with the remainder to the previous year's shoot growth.

In the Ceratoides-dominated community 65 percent and 36 percent of ¹⁴C photoassimilated in April and July, respectively, and still remaining in the plant by September, was localized in the underground structures. Similarly, in the Atriplex community, 35 percent and 29 percent of the ¹⁴C incorporated in April and July appeared in the root system. From the total ¹⁴C photoassimilated in July for both communities, approximately 60 percent and 50 percent was retained in the plants by September in the Atriplex- and Ceratoides-dominated communities, respectively.

A model was formulated incorporating three major independent variables which might affect park visitor responses to hazards. These were: (1) previous experience, (2) information about hazards provided by the park administration (such as warnings located on signs or in brochures), and (3) visitor perception of whether responsibility for hazards rests with the individual or with an outside authority such as government or God. Trip length and knowledge of hazards were also thought to be factors influencing visitor behavior.

The model was tested during the summer of 1976 in four study areas: Arches National Park, Canyonlands National Park, Glen Canyon National Recreation Area, and the High Uintas Primitive Area. Personal interviews and questionnaires were used to obtain the data.

The results showed that the set of influences upon visitor behavior varied with each park studied. In general, however, hazard warnings and visitor perceptions of where responsibility for hazards lay had no influence upon visitor behavior. In contrast, previous experience, trip length, and visitor knowledge about hazards had important influences upon visitor preparations for hazards.

referral to children's mental health clinics, with an estimated prevalence of 3% to 5% in the

general population of school-age children. Children who exhibit the requisite behaviors may

obtain a diagnosis of ADHD at any age; however, symptom onset must occur before age 7 and

persist for at least 6 months. Despite these temporal requirements for diagnosis, little empirical

information about the manifestation and stability of ADHD symptoms in preschool children

exists. This study provides information about the initial presence and stability over one academic

year of ADHD behaviors in a sample of 290 preschool children rated by mothers and/or teachers.

Data suggest higher levels of these behaviors at home versus school, with behaviors remaining

stable over the course of the academic year at school, and diminishing over this time period at

home. Family environment factors (e.g., socioeconomic status, family stress) were not found to

have strong predictive relationships with levels of ADHD behaviors in this sample of

preschoolers including little support for a directional relationship between dysfunctional

parenting behaviors and child ADHD symptoms. Conclusions and clinical implications of these

finding, are provided and may assist psychologists in their efforts to diagnose and treat this

disorder in young children.

The five plant functions were (l} seed losses (mainly predation) as a function of seed age, (2) seed dormancy as a function of seed ages (3) percent germination of the non-dormant seeds in response to germinating rainfall, (4) percent survival from the seedling stage to maturity as a function of total rainfall over the growing season and seedling density, and (5) seeds produced per p 1 ant as a function of total rainfall over the growing season and density of mature plants. The stochasitc rainfall generator used historical rainfall probabilities from US Weather Bureau stations at Las Vegas, Nevada and Tucson, Arizona.

The literature on desert annuals was carefully searched to provide supporting data for the plant functions used in the simulation model. Most of the data is for winter annuals growing on the Nevada Test Site near Las Vegas. Single species data are rare, so the model functions reflected the average plant responses for winter annuals as a group. This base run set of functions reproduced the observed data quite well.

Sensitivity analysis of the simulation model indicated that in order to persist in the Las Vegas area, the seeds of annuals should have at least a one-year period of dormancy and a minimum threshold of about 15 mm of germinating rainfall. The age distribution of the seed reserves in the soil and the percent germinable is strongly influenced by the recent rainfall history of the site and the seed loss rate. The optimum balance is when the losses of older seeds from the seed reserves due to germination is the same size as the sum of the non-productive losses (e.g., predation).

Several experiments are suggested -- some to cover gaps in the published data and some that became evident through the sensitivity analysis of the model itself.

American Indian (Al) adolescents. Examples of these behaviors include:

smoking, alcohol consumption, drug use, and lack of seatbelt use. Theories that

predict which Al youth are most at risk for executing these behaviors are needed.

Social learning theory (SL T) has shown adolescents' behaviors are

sometimes highly correlated with their parents' behaviors across different ethnic

groups. However, there has been little previous research done with Als.

The present study attempted to determine if SL T was applicable to Al

adolescents and their parents with regard to four health-related behaviors:

cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, seatbelt use, and religiosity. The first

three were chosen because of the high number of Al adolescent deaths

associated with them. Religiosity was included because high religiosity scores

have been shown to negatively correlate with health-compromising behaviors in

some studies. The present study provided partial support for SL T when applied

to Al youth. For example, there were positive correlations found between

parents' smoking and if the youths have ever smoked regularly or smoke

currently.

Little support was found for SL T with regard to alcohol consumption (i.e.,

the overall correlation was not significant). The exception to this was when

daughters were correlated with fathers. How often the father drank and if he

binged were positively correlated with how often the daughter drank and if she

ever binged. There were strong correlations between parents' seatbelt use and

similar use of their adolescents, thus supporting the theory. Also, strong positive

correlations were found between the religiosity of the parents' and the youth.

Further, religiosity did show negative correlations with health-compromising

behaviors among the youth. There was also a sex difference found, with female

youth having stronger negative correlations than the male youth.

There were 290 Al adolescents in this nationally representative sample,

136 mate and 154 female. All the behaviors were measured via self-report, as

was the identification of the adolescent's ethnicity.

Limitations of this research, implications for future research, and areas for

prevention/intervention with Al youth at risk are discussed.

Heavy grazing under a season-long regime did not influence the concentrations of dietary chemical components when compared to moderate grazing; however, it did depress the digestibility of cellulose and organic matter. There was a significant decline in the dietary chemical components due to forage maturation. Digestibility of organic matter and cellulose were significantly higher in the early spring as compared to late spring. Daily intake was depressed as a result of the heavy grazing only in early spring.

Heavy grazing intensities on short-term pastures influenced the content of lignin, cellulose and protein in the diet. Digestibility of cellulose and organic matter was depressed during early and late spring as a result of the heavy grazing intensities while protein digestibility was depressed throughout the season. Intake was significantly lower under heavy grazing in the intermediate period than it was under moderate grazing.

individuals throughout the world. As of yet the specific etiology of this condition remains unknown

and successful treatments remain in their infancy. Although several studies have focused on the

emotional components of fibromyalgia, none have specifically addressed the issues of

communication and anger that appear to be important among this patient population. The

objectives of this study were to design a 4-week experimental group therapy treatment based on

successful cognitive behavioral components and add anger management and communication

components in an attempt to increase benefits to the overall well-being of patients.

Subjects were 46 fibromyalgia patients recruited from physicians, chiropractors, and

physical therapists as well as through newspaper, radio, and advertising through flyers. Patients

who were accepted into the study were randomly assigned to either a treatment group or a wait-list

control group, with the control group receiving the treatment in the month following the treatment

group. Outcomes were assessed using a repeated measures analysis of variance with one within

(time) and one-between subjects (group) factor. The five assessment measures utilized in this study

were the Fibrornyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ), the Short-Form 36 (SF-36) Version 2, the

Chronic Pain Self-Efficacy Survey (CPSS), the State Trait Anger Expression Inventory- 2

(ST AXI-2) and a communication inventory developed specifically for this intervention. Specific

outcomes measured included change on fibromyalgia-specific symptoms and physical and

emotional health-related status, improvement in communication, change in anger scores, and

changes in levels of self-efficacy.

Analysis of patient outcome data revealed that significant results were achieved. in the

areas of mental health and communication variables. In addition, several notable effect sizes were

also found, particularly in the areas of vitality (-.97), mental health (-.76) and pain management (-

1.17). Results demonstrated that a brief, cost-effective 4-week intervention can have a beneficial

impact for FMS patients in the area of psychological function. Implications of these findings are

discussed within the context of the existing literature on fibromyalgia treatment as well as in terms

of possible limitations of the study as it was conducted.

Photosynthetic rates were found to be depressed after two hours exposure to UV-B irradiance simulating a 0.18 atm•cm ozone column when the sun is at 30° from the zenith. During this initial exposure period, partial stomatal closure was implicated in the suppression of photosynthesis. However, after one day exposure, substantial increases in photosynthetic resistances apart from stomatal diffusion resistance occurred in the UV-irradiated plants and no differences in stomatal diffusion resistance were apparent between UV-irradiated and control plants. Dark respiration rates were slightly higher in those plants exposed to UV radiation.

Leaf expansion of R. patientia was substantially repressed but only during the initial few days of exposure. Thereafter, leaf expansion was similar in the UV-irradiated and control plants. A reduction in total plant dry weight and leaf area of approximately 50 percent occurred after 22 days treatment while chlorophyll concentrations remained unaltered. Time of leaf initiation was shawm to be delayed in those plants exposed to UV-B radiation. Leaf longevity was decreased with increased UV radiation but accelerated whole-plant senescence and death was not observed.

Photosynthetic rates determined through the ontogeny of the third leaf of R. patientia exposed to four levels of UV irradiance were found to be depressed as a function of the accumulated biologically effective UV irradiation. Thus, reciprocity was demonstrated between 6350 and 3175 J biologically effective UV irradiation.

Results of the simultion model showed that under reduced atmospheric ozone concentrations, suppression of photosynthesis and leaf growth would be more severe during mid-sunnner (i . e. June) than would occur during the March to early May period, This results from smaller solar angles from the zenith and lower prevailing ozone concentrations prevalent during June.

A validation test of the model was made with photosynthetic data obtained during a field study with R. patientia exposed to UV-B radiation corresponding to a 38 percent atmospheric ozone reduction (0.18 atm•cm when the sun was at 30° from the zenith). This validation test showed a reasonable correspondence between the measured and predicted photosynthetic rates.

R. patientia was selected as the test species for this study because (1) it is reasonably sensitive to UV radiation as determined in preliminary studies evaluating approximately 20 native and agricultural plant species, (2) it is normally exposed to full sunlight in · its natural habitat, and (3) individual leaves are relatively long - lived (about 60 days) and are not normally shaded by other leaves of the same plant. Although this species probably represents one of the more sensitive plants to UV radiation, it would be this group of sensitive plants that would be initially affected under conditions of reduced atmospheric ozone. If more resistant plants with long-lived plant parts also accumulate UV radiation damage as was shown to occur in R. patientia, over sufficient periods of time even these species might be significantly impacted under conditions of reduced atmospheric ozone.

The seeds of the varieties studied exhibited two mechanisms for dormancy. One is a seed coat that is impermeable to water, and the other is a water-leachable inhibitor. The presence or absence of low-intensity incandescent light (in 14-hour day lengths) had no effect on germination. Of three temperature regimes studied, the regime 7/13 C proved optimal for both total and rapid rate of germination. However, though germinating at lower rates, weeds at -1/4 C and 21/27 C both ultimately reached high percentages of germination. Germination decreased linearly with increasing salinity to almost zero in NaCl solutions of -8.52 bars water potential. Variety araenosus, collected in a salt desert shrub vegetation type showed the highest germination at low temperatures and the greatest salinity tolerance.

Seedling survival work was done with both pre-established and established seedlings at the cotyledon to five leaflet stages of development. Seedlings were considered pre-established from the time of germination until the cotyledons were completely unfolded. Afterwards, the seedlings were considered established.

Germination and survival of pre-established seedlings were inhibited by day temperatures of 21 C under laboratory conditions. Maximum emergence and survival occurred at the low temperature regime of 4/13 C. However, seedlings of the three to five leaflet stages grew best at day temperatures of 30 C; growth was substantially lower at lower temperatures.

Seedlings of var. araenosus displayed the most rapid rate of root growth at 7/12 C while roots of var. vitreus grew at a rate nearly 50 percent lower.

Study of the energy expenditure, by the dry weight method showed an energy deficit at 6 and 9 Cat the time of hatching. The larvae are then fully capable of offsetting these deficits by feeding. The oxygen consumption method showed an energy deficit during hatching at 6 C, but failed to show any at 9 C. The efficiency of yolk conversion generally decreased as development progressed. No group effect in active metabolism was observed in the underyearlings.

The electrochemical method of measuring oxygen consumption of embryos gave a cumulative value which was 6.8% higher than values obtained using the manometric method. This increase is attributed to the increase in activity of embryos caused by the nature of the experimental set up.

Active metabolism and scope for activity were high at 9 and 12 C compared to 6 and 15 C. Standard metabolism steeply increased at 1:5 C. There was very little scope for activity at 15 C.

The embryonic development was similar to that of other whitefishes. The mountain whitefish requires more thermal units to reach corresponding stages than does the lake whitefish, after the stage when the blastodisc is prominantly raised up on the yolk.

The study was conducted within the framework of a completely randomized experimental design with two treatments. Variables controlled for each unit of observation were grazing treatment (prior sheep grazing and no sheep grazing), sampling periods within the winter (early winter and late winter), weeks (four within each period), days (four within each week), sampling times (four each day), age of animal (fawns and adults) and identity of observer.

Two adjacent 2.4 ha pastures were fenced. A sheep grazing treatment of 150 sheep days per ha was applied in late May, 1974, to one pasture. Five hand-reared mule deer were placed in each pasture for two six-week periods, one in early winter and the other in late winter. Diets were quantified by a mouthful count technique and hand plucking representative mouthfuls of each species consumed. Plant physical characteristics were measured while following grazing deer. For each plant encountered by the deer, the following variables were measured: species name, distance from the deer, height and width, degree of prior utilization, proportion of current live plant material present, species of and distance to nearest neighboring plant, and consumption or non-consumption of the plant by the deer.

Differences were found between treatments in forage availability and abundance, and in botanical composition of diets selected by mule deer. The dietary differences were attributed to a greater proportion of current year's bitterbrush forage being available in the sheep grazed treatment and to reduced interference there from standing dead grass in selection of preferred green grasses and forbs. Deer diets in the sheep grazed pasture were higher in herbaceous plant material than in the deer pasture.

Seasonal dietary changes were due to reduced plant availability by deer grazing, snow cover, and plant phenology. Major changes were an increase in shrub consumption through the early winter and well into the late winter periods, and a simultaneous decline in herbaceous species consumption. Snow melt and spring green-up permitted a sudden shift to forbs and grasses near the end of the late winter period.

Plant attributes capable of predicting consumption of individual plants included 1) degree of prior utilization, 2) amount of current live plant material present, 3) distance of plant from grazing animal, 3) species of nearest plant, and 4) plant height. These characteristics probably exerted their influence indirectly through olfactory and tactile stimuli to the deer. The use of these attributes to place plants in consumed and not-consumed groups indicated that grazing deer probably cue on fairly specific plant characters in selecting plants for consumption.

Fish were collected by use of an electric shocking machine generating 600 watts and 220 volts. Numbers of fish occurred as high as 150 per tenth mile of stream. Preferred habitats occurred in areas of coarse gravel and small rocks.

Vertebrae dissected from the fish were used in age determination. Length-frequency proved to be a general correlation to the aging technique. Fish were difficult to sex by external observation except during the breeding season.

Relationship between standard length and weight is described by the following formula:

W = 4.236 X 10^-4 L²•⁹⁰⁰

The coefficient of condition (K) increased with length up to 60 millimeters in standard length and decreased in length in fish ranging from 60 to 125 millimeters in standard length. The greatest variation in K occurred in fish below 50 millimeters in length. The factor for converting total length to standard length as determined from 601 specimens between 24 and 112 millimeters. standard length was 0.812. The factor for converting standard length to total length for the same fish was 1.232.

The bulk of the diet consisted almost entirely of aquatic insects. Most of the aquatic insects were diptera. Ephemeroptera, plecoptera, and trichoptera were consumed in almost equal numbers. Food availability and preference were determined from bottom samples of the river. Competition for food is minimized somewhat by the fact that the sculpin is a bottom feeder and the trout is primarily a surface feeder. Predation of trout eggs by the sculpin was almost non-existent.

Breeding was synchronous with four conception periods each year; in some years a fifth conception period was evident. The first conception period occurred about the last half of January; other periods followed at 40-day intervals indicating a 40-day gestation period and postpartum estrus with subsequent conception. Over the 9 years of study, the mean percentages of females breeding during the five conception periods were 88, 99, 100, 70, and 11 percent, respectively. The mean number of ova ovulated per breeding female for the five periods was 1.9, 5.1, 6.4, 4.9, and 3.6, respectively.

During the period of decreasing density, 1963-67, the yearly mean number of ova ovulated per female surviving the breeding season ranged from 13.2-19.3, but varied independently of density. During the 3 consecutive years of density increase, 1968-70, however, the number of ova ovulated per female decreased progressively from 19.8 in 1968 to 14.2 in 1970.

Mortality rates of the total population from October-March remained relatively constant (mean: 63 percent) during the years of population decline, but dropped to 33 percent during the first year of population increase (1968). March-October mortality of adults decreased to 9 percent during the first year of population increase from a previous mean of 73 percent, and juvenile mortality from parturition to fall census, decreased from a mean of 68 percent to 38 percent.

The effects of variations in mortality rates on population density have overshadowed the effects of the relatively less extreme variations in natality rates. As a result the pattern of density change was almost entirely a result of changes in mortality rates.

Changes in mortality rates of adults and juveniles were well correlated with the coyote/rabbit ratio on the study area. Exceptions occurred with juvenile mortality rates at the relatively high rabbit densities observed in 1969-70. During these two years, juvenile mortality rates from parturition to fall census (61 and 68 percent, respectively) were greater than could be accounted for by coyote predation. The factor or factors responsible for the increased juvenile mortality are not known.

Observed annual density changes were described with the mathematical model:

N_t+4 = N_t (1 - 37.8 - 988x₁) (1 + 11.2 - 1130x₂ - 0.0581x₃ + 42000x₂² + 0.00115x₃²)

where N_t is the number of animals at the end of October, N_t+1 is the number of animals at the end of the following October, x₁ is the coyote/rabbit ratio from October-March, x₂ is the coyote/rabbit ratio from March-October, and x₃ is the mean number of rabbits per square mile from March-October. The model accounts for 99 percent of the observed change in rabbit density from 1968-70.

A big sagebrush-annual bromegrass plant community was irrigated to simulate a spring growth period of abundant precipitation amenable to annual bromegras s productivity. Productivity and nitrogen content parameters were monitored throughout the spring and summer to evaluate the short and potential long term effects of this seasonal increase in "precipitation".

Irrigation increased annual bromegrass productivity almost 50 percent. This increase was a result of the combined factors of increased soil moisture content and increased nitrogen availability due, apparently, to increased soil microfloral nitrification activity under low water water stress conditions.

The increased annual growth resulted in a greater nitrogen uptake despite an observed decrease in irrigated bromegrass percent nitrogen values. Both the tie up and irrigation effect were maintained throughout the summer and into the subsequent annual germination period. However, total soil nitrogen levels and bromegrass nitrogen mineralization rates suggest that soil nutrient conditions for subsequently germinating bromegrass seedlings do not differ because of previous spring irrigation treatment.

Thirteen populations of Intermountain cutthroat trout were sampled for biochemical genetic variation. Variation was observed in muscle aspartate aminotransferase for all populations which would fit a genetic model of two loci and three alleles. Unique muscle A group lactate dehydrogenase variation was observed in Snake Valley cutthroat trout which suggested the presence of several variant alleles. Allele frequencies for tetrazolium oxidase changed during three consecutive years in Bear Lake cutthroat trout that were trapped and spawned artificially. The possible causes of those changes were discussed. No variation was observed in alphaglycerophosphate dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, eye lactate dehydrogenase or muscle malate dehydrogenase in cutthroat trout.

Plant cover types are good predictors of areas where gray-headed juncos nest, while plant community type descriptions do not distinguish between utilized and unutilized areas.

The use of quantitative models of wildlife habitat with data derived from various kinds of information systems is discussed.

In part two, 120 interviews, taken from two conflict situations involving mechanized and nonmechanized forms of recreation, were used to examine the heuristic value of the theory's concepts. A case study format was used for the analysis.

The interviews demonstrated a need to distinguish between potential and felt, or experienced, conflict, due to the latter's dependence on a chance social interaction. Nonmechanized users displayed a high conflict potential, indicated by conflict avoidance behavior, which reduced reports of felt conflict. Fewer mechanized users expressed felt conflict.

Stereotyping of the opposite group's lifestyle was found in both cases, as was a lack of intergroup communication. A negative evaluation of the other group's lifestyle seems inherent in such stereotypes.

Opposing groups sought different outcomes from interacting with a natural environment though backcountry vehicle users showed a more diverse set of interactions than the literature or stereotypes suggest.

Users demonstrated possessiveness for a particular recreation place--this orientation may also exist for categories of places such as National Parks.

The findings support the contention that differences in lifestyle, modes of experiencing natural environments, and resource specificity are factors responsible for conflict and worthy of future research.

Geranium richardsonii is found in wet meadows and along streambanks throughout its distribution, Geranium nervosum frequents rocky hillsides and drier meadows throughout its range.

Seeds of Q. nervosum had 65o/, germination in the stratification pretreatment. Geranium richardsoniiseeds required scarification to reach 60% germination, Both species germinated in excess of 80% when scarified and stratified.

Overwinter survival experiments indicated that Q. richardsonii could survive only in a wet meadow environment while G. nervosum could survive and establish in ail three environments examined, wet meadow, dry hillside, and aspen (Populus tremuloides) grove.

Both G. richarasonii and Q. nervosum appeared to be limited by the same environmental factors although the degree of response was different. The seedling stage was the most responsive to environmental stress. Both Q. richardsonii and Q. nervosum seedlings had an optimum temperature range for survival of 20-25°C although they could and did adapt to lower temperatures. Seedlings of neither species could survive soil water potentials (Ψ_s) of -10 bars or lower. The adult stage of both species was more tolerant of stress and G. nervosum adults could survive (Ψ_s) of -25 to -30 bars. Geranium richardsonii was less tolerant and appeared to Ψ_s limited by both Ψ_s and temperature in its distribution at the Forestry Field Station.

The critical factors influencing the distribution G. nervosum and Q. richardsonii were similiar but the species reacted to them in different ways. Geranium richardsonii was able to survive in environments that were highly saturated with water and under heavy cover. Geranium nervosum, although limited by temperatures above 32°C, was able to live in drier conditions by virtue of a tap root system. Hence, although the distribution of these two species was similiar, they were seperated by their response to environmental conditions.

Fourteen vegetation types, varying in composition and structure from open savanna to dense woodland, were delineated by association analysis. Structural and vegetational characteristics which were considered to influence ungulate distribution were measured within each vegetation type.

The study area supported resident populations of seven ungulate species during the wet season; drv season densities were higher due to population influxes from surrounding areas. Densities ranged from 13 to 67 animals per km², with impala making up from 40 to 70 percent of the total population, wildebeest 10 to 40 percent, and lesser proportions of giraffe, zebra, kudu, warthog and waterbuck. Savanna vegetation types supported total densities of up to 185 animals/km², while wooded types support fewer animals.

Waterbuck were the most selective of the ungulates and concentrated mainly in the riparian woodland. Wildebeest, zebra and giraffe made variable use of savanna and open woodland types. Warthog preferred savanna types and avoided woodland. Impala were less selective, and kudu showed no habitat preferences. Ungulate distribution was related to several habitat characteristics, and the key factors were found to differ in each case. Each species had a unique combination of habitat characteristics to which it responded in linear fashion, and this was considered to be the way in which ungulates avoided competition by achieving spatial separation.

Herbaceous forage standing crops and net production were functions of vegetation composition, soil types, rainfall and extent of ungulate utilization. Standing crops ranged from 350 to 4104 kgs/ha air-dried forage. Net primary production ranged from zero to 2719 kgs/ha; vegetation types on sandy soils did not produce in years with poor precipitation. Ungulates consumed about one-fourth of the herbaceous net primary production during the wet season and more than four-fifths during the course of a full year.

Ungulate biomass on the area averaged about 40 kg/ha during the wet season and 65 kg/ha in the dry season, but biomasses varied a great deal with vegetation type, ungulate population species coMposition and seasonal densities. Ungulate secondary product ion varied correspondingly and ranged from 1.3 x 10-3 kcal/m² per day to 4.8 x 10-3 kcals/m² per day. Overall secondary production rate for the 2-year study period was 0.97 kcals/m² per year, produced from a mean standing crop of 7.46 kcal/m².

Pregnancy rates in the 1969-70 winter of 100 and 0 percent, respectively, for 19 adult and five yearling elk were associated with subsequent pre- and post-season cow/calf ratios of 100/55 and 100/68. Pregnancy rates the next winter of 82 and 17 percent, respectively, for 60 adults and 23 yearlings resulted in pre- and post-season cow/calf ratios of 100/52 and 100/39. Pregnancy rates in the 1971-72 winter were 82 and eight percent, respectively, for 39 adults and 13 yearlings; compilation of data for the first three years of the study precluded inclusion of associated fall and winter cow/calf ratios.

Objective 2 was to determine the breeding efficiency of yearling male elk. Pregnancy rates were 86 and 93 percent, respectively, in 14 yearling-bred cows and 15 adult-bred cows in 1971. Rectal palpations revealed eight of 12 conceived in October from yearling breeding and 10 of 14 in September from adult breeding.

A peak in yearling breeding was estimated to have occurred between October 11 and October 25, as compared to two peaks in adult breeding estimated near September 5 and September 20, The earliest and latest conceptions were estimated near October 5 and November 21, and September 5 and November 3, respectively, in yearling and adult bred cows. Most wild and captive yearlings polished or began peeling their antlers about October 1. compared to August 15 for captive adults.

Data suggested recrudescent testicular tissues had initiated a rise in blood androgen, which coincided with a peak in breeding activity in September and October.

lnducement of twin births in Objective 3 was attempted via synchronized superovulations during the September rut in 1970. Progestogen implants were used from 14 to 20 days to synchronize elk in two pre-rut trials and one mid-rut trial.

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) suspended in carboxy-methyl-cellulose (CMC), injected (intramuscular) coincident with implant removal was judged superior to pregnant mares serum (PMS) alone or FSH in peanut oil. Injections of FSH in anestrous elk produced a mean of 2.4 follicles and corpora lutea (CL) (2.0 follicles and 1.33 CL), the first week, and PMS produced a mean of 9.67 follicles and CL (8.67 follicles and 1.5 CL) response was low in a pre-rut trial with two levels of FSH in peanut oil.

No conceptions apparently occurred in two groups of six cows injected with 15 and 20 milligrams FSH. Nine of 12 adults (including three of four controls) and none of four remaining yearlings were estimated to have conceived between September 30 and October 15 (five to 20 days after the treatment period), Two additional yearlings were superovulated with FSH without synchronization, but did not conceive.

Data presented from blood analyses in Objective 4 included mean values for free-ranging mature elk (probability value indicates a significant difference between free-ranging and captive mature elk). The values were: total leucocytes (WBC), 6160/cubic millimeter (cu mm); WBC differential (percent)--neutrophils (44), lymphocytes (48, P < .05), monocytes (1), eosinophils (7), and basophils (0.1, P< .01); erythrocytes, 11 million/cu mm; hemoglobin, 21 grams/100 milliliters (g%), (P< .01); packed cell volume, 53 percent; blood urea nitrogen, 36 Sigma units (P< .01); serum glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase, 91 Units; lactic dehydrogenase, 863 Units; alkaline phosphatase, 2.22 Sigma units (P < .01); total protein, 7.0 g% (P < .01); albumin, 3.8 g% (P < .05); globulin fractions (g%)--alpha₁ (A4), alpha₂ (.6) beta (.95), and gamma (1.98); glucose, 183 milligrams/100 milliliters (mg%), (P < .05); creatinine, 2.9 mg%; uric acid, 0.39 mg%; cholesterol, 80.5 mg%; total bilirubin, 0.65 mg%; inorganic phosphorous, 3.4 mg%; and calcium ion, 9.2 mg%. Serology for Brucella abortus and Leptos pira pomona was negative.

Blood values from five big game species and three species of domestic animals are presented for comparison. Significant differences in sampled elk were noted (P < .01 or < .05) in various tests between sexes, reproductive status, free-ranging and captive at different ages, and serial four-hour samples. A significant difference (P < .10) was noted in progestogen assays for non-pregnant and pregnant elk. Captive elk were positive and free-ranging were negative for Dictyocaulus infestations, Yearling and adult male reproductive tracts were microscopically differentiated. Nutritional conditions of experimental elk were considered excellent when fed a special pelleted formula freechoice with grass hay.

In the visible region (0.4 to 0.7 micron) the average relative spectral transmissions under both canopies are about one percent beginning at 0.4 micron and decreasing to about half a percent at 0.67 micron. There is only a small peak in the green (0.55 micron) transmission under deciduous stands while there is none under coniferous canopies. The slightly higher transmission in the blue (0.4 micron) is attributed to the direct sky radiation penetrating through the gaps in the canopies. There is a steep increase in the transmission at about 0.7 micron. The increase is relatively higher under deciduous stands compared to coniferous stands.

In the infrared region from 0.8 to about 1.4 microns, the average relative spectral transmission under deciduous stands is about 10 percent which is double the transmission under coniferous canopies. The transmission under deciduous stands is about twice that of the coniferous stands throughout the near infrared with very low transmission in the water absorption band at 1.45 and practically no transmission at all in the 1.90 micron-band.

The absolute spectral transmission exhibit a somewhat different distribution, especially in the visible region. Since the highest intensity of the solar spectrum in the open is located in the 0.5 micron-band, this is also reflected in the absolute values. The small peak in the green under deciduous stands is now indicated as a slight shift of the peak to the 0.55 micron-band. The water absorption bands at the 0.95 and 1.15 microns are also distinct, with hardly no transmission at all beyond 1.7 microns.

The spectral transmittance of forest canopies differ from those reported for single leaves in the proportion of radiation transmitted in the visible and infrared regions. For example, the ratio of the transmission at 0.55 micron to that at 1.10 micron-band is about one to twelve compared to about one to five in single leaves.

A deciduous canopy consisting of several layers of leaves wi ll only allow a very small amount of transmission, mostly in the green portion and somewhat more in the infrared region between 0.72 and 1.40 microns. Under natural conditions in the forest, there exists a very weak "green" shadow and a somewhat stronger "infrared" shadow. The altered spectral composition may influence the understory vegetation as regards photosynthesis, seed germination, and the photoperiodic responses in the forest floor.

Four study plots (each roughly 154 square meters) under spruce cover and two study plots (100 square meters) in a small meadow were established. At each spruce plot, a thermocouple psychrometer was installed at one meter above the ground on the north side of three selected, mature Engelmann spruce trees. Thermocouple psychrometers were installed at 5, 15, and 30 cm depths in the soil at the meadow plots and at 15, 30, 45, and 90 cm depths at the spruce plots. A tensiometer and two soil temperature thermocouples were installed near the thermocouple psychrometers at each of the plots but at 15, 30, 45, and 90 cm soil depths. Throughfall gages were placed at each plot to obtain an estimate of rainfall which was not intercepted by the canopy but which fell to the forest floor.

Gross precipitation was measured by a 20.3 cm diameter recording gage located at the meadow. Global radiation and wind were recorded at the meadow area also. Air temperature and relative humidity were recorded in wooden shelters. One shelter was located at the meadow area and one was located in the vicinity of the four spruce plots.

Except for wind, weather parameters were recorded continuously. Wind movement was totalized on a digital counter and recorded on data sheets when needed. Psychrometric, pressure chamber, and soil data were obtained according to two schedules. Diurnal measurements of trunk water potential in six trees and independent variables were made during seven days in the summer months of 1971. Seasonal measurements of trunk water potential in twelve trees and independent variables were done at periodic intervals during the summer averaging every three to four days. Data to evaluate the effect of summer precipitation on the soil drying cycle was obtained periodically the summer of 1970 and concurrently (for the most part) with tree water potential measurements during 1971.

Significant findings of this study included the following: as shown by analyses of variation of the data, within-season variations of tree water potential (by psychrometer and pressure chamber measurements) were statistically significant. In other words, fluctuations in water potential with time were large enough that they could not have been due to chance alone.

On an hourly basis for seven cycles of diurnal measurements, daily peaks in wind movement corresponded roughly with trunk water potential minima, peak radiation occurred about two hours before water potential minima, and maximum vapor pressure deficits corresponded closely to water potential minima. Diurnal fluctuations in water potential of small understory branches, as determined by the pressure chamber, did not correlate well with weather factors.

Seasonally, trunk water potential appeared to be highly correlated with fluctuations in vapor pressure deficit and less correlated with global radiation and wind. Soil factors such as matric potential and temperature were not correlated with trunk water potential. Correlations between water potential determined by the pressure chamber and environmental factors were not consistent. Pressure chamber values of water potential, however, did correlate roughly with trunk water potential during the latter half of the summer of 1971.

By multiple regression analysis, a predictive equation was devised to predict trunk water potential on a daily and on a seasonal basis. With diurnal input data, radiation, vapor pressure deficit, and a transformation of vapor pressure deficit were significant variables. The model explained 81 percent of the diurnal variation in trunk water potential. Evaluation of the model with seasonal data input showed only one variable, vapor pressure deficit, highly significant. With seasonal data, 72 percent of the variation in trunk water potential was explained.

Analysis of 18 rainstorms which occurred during two summers of study showed that roughly 0.25 cm of rain must fall before interception storage of a spruce canopy is satisfied and measurable amounts of rain can fall to the forest floor. Variability among sample catches of a given storm was great, apparently reflecting the irregular nature of the overmature spruce canopy. On the average, 96 percent of rainfall from storms between 0.0 0 and 0.13 cm, 70 percent between 0.13 and 1.3 cm, and 38 percent between 1.3 and 2.5 cm was intercepted. The influence of rain on soil matric potential was restricted to the first 45 cm of soil at the spruce plots with no substantial increase of matric potential before the onset of fall rains. The effect of rain on matric potential of soil in the meadow was more pronounced. The matric potential of the 5, 15, and 30 cm depths fluctuated greatly. A temporary increase in matric potential of these depths following summer storms was noted while more marked increases in matric potential were measured after heavier fall rains.

The major conclusions made as a result of this study are (1) relative vapor pressure in the trunks of Engelmann spruce changes markedly from hour-to-hour and from day-to-day during the summer months, (2) trunk water potential as measured by thermocouple psychrometers is functionally related to atmospheric factors of radiation, wind, and vapor pressure deficit, (3) fluctuations in trunk water potential with weather factors imply a causal relation with transpiration, (4) precipitation during the summer months modifies soil matric potential-but only in the shallow profiles, (5) matric potential fluctuations in the meadow areas are extreme (from saturation to low as - 40 bars) and would impose a serious threat to the water economy of young Engelmann spruce seedlings established in such meadows, and (6) Peltier type thermocouple psychrometers are useful instruments for investigation of the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum in field situations.

Distinctly different daily routines of cattle activities were evident for the winter and spring seasons. In the spring, the cattle grazed, traveled, and drank more each day than they did during the winter months. The increase in these activities was attributed to the more temperate climatic conditions and the higher energy demands of lactation.

Air temperature, changes in barometric pressure, windspeed, precipitation, snow depth, and radiation all influenced cattle activities in the winter. Decreasing air temperature and rapid fluctuations in barometric pressure both correlated significantly with increased grazing time. Increasing windspeed and greater snow depth caused the cattle to travel less distance daily. The cattle ceased grazing during snowstorms. They oriented themselves at right angles to the sun while standing and lying. The modifications which occurred in daily activity patterns were shown to be apparently directed toward the conservation of energy during periods of climatic stress.

Fish began moving at high levels during the first day of each stocking and continued at high rates for 5-8 days (Early Phase), after which movement decreased to low levels for 6-9 days (Late Phase). Early Phase fish moved primarily at night, possibly due to their disoriented state and high subjectivity to stream conditions. Fish moving during Late Phase did so mainly during daylight, probably in response to diurnal periodicity of a day-active food organism in the drift.

Forced movement due to social behavior did not seem to be an influencing factor, but the duration of visible light seemed important to moving fish.

It is indeed a consequence of the pragmatism of American psychiatry,

which appeared willing to explore any new and possibly helpful technique.

numerous possible factors which were hypothesized to play a significant

role in choosing a mental health care agency. A questionnaire was

constructed to measure demographics of students utilizing the Utah State

University Counseling Center, spontaneous reasons for choosing the center

as the preferred mental health agency, and literature-based reasons for

the same. Subjects reported that they chose the university counseling

center for practical reasons such as cost and location. However, factor

analysis of the literature - based reasons endorsed by these subjects

suggested that trust in the counseling center and its professionals was

important. These results are discussed in terms of utility for service

providers and limitations of this work.

of the relationship of human psychological characteristics with athletic performance. Two research

questions guided its development: (1) Is there any evidence that there is a relationship between

individual human psychological characteristics and athletic performance? (2) If there is any evidence

that there is a relationship between individual human psychological characteristics and athletic

performance, is there further evidence that those individual characteristics translate in some way into

group dynamics or attributes that may similarly influence team performance?

experiences severe anxiety when separation from a parent or caregiver is imminent. A

possible symptom of separation anxiety disorder or other psychological conditions is that

the child may refuse to attend school or run away from school during the day, an

occurrence commonly referred to as school refusal. Children with separation anxiety

disorder or school refusal may, as a result, be limited in their social and educational

opportunities. Therefore, a review of published studies on the treatment of separation

anxiety disorder and school refusal was completed. To adequately manage these disorders,

proper assessment and treatment are key. Common assessment strategies include various

self-report instruments and functional assessment. Despite the obstacles and challenges

associated with separation anxiety disorder and school refusal, very few empirical studies

have examined treatments for these conditions. Cognitive-behavioral treatments for

school refusal and separation anxiety disorder, however, have been supported by the

research, though the efficacy of such strategies may be influenced by the acceptability of

the treatment to families and teachers and by the integrity with which treatment methods

are implemented. Psychopharmacological approaches, however, have not been validated

empirically. More research on both treatment strategies is necessary to confirm current

findings. The implications of the present research on the practice of school psychologists

is considered.

productive and happy life within society. The fact that many educational institutions are

experiencing a disconcerting number of students dropping out of school (and sometimes

life itself) may be an indicator that this preparation is less than adequate in meeting their

needs. In fact, the needs of a high school graduate today are so different and far-reaching

than what they were 30-50 years ago, it will be easier to group them according to a

change in economics, transformed demographics and changes in social situations and

practices. Each of these areas will be presented as challenges that call for a change in the

way we structure education in America, and this paper will evaluate the ways Cooperative

Learning approaches propose to meet them.

students exhibiting the behaviors, their peers, parents, and teachers. Disruptive behaviors

including shouting, aggression, off-task behaviors, and noncompliance, correlate with

poor social skills, low peer acceptance, higher rates of academic deficiencies, and in

adulthood instability in relationships and employment. Self-management programs

employ traditional behavior management methods and with self-management

components to teach students to self-monitor or evaluate their behavior. By teaching

students to be aware of and to manage their own behavior students may be better able to

generalize appropriate behaviors to other less supervised settings, complete more work,

and experience a sense of accomplishment for controlling their behavior. Past reviews of

self-management literature have demonstrated the effectiveness of self-management

interventions in changing disruptive behaviors and documented limitations of the

research. However, the most recent review was completed over a decade ago, therefore a

current review of self-management programs for disruptive behaviors was completed.

The review indicated that recent literature has corrected some past limitations by studying

a larger variety of age groups in different settings and by providing replicable

intervention steps. Unfortunately, many variables continue to be neglected (e.g.,

generalization, maintenance, social validity, treatment integrity). The strengths and

limitations of current self-management literature as applied to changing disruptive

behaviors exhibited by youth are discussed and areas for future research recommended.

force, resulting in total or partial functional disability or psychosocial impairment that adversely

affects a child's educational performance. It is considered the leading cause of mortality and

disability among children with estimates of over one million occurrences each year. The 1990

revision of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act included Traumatic Brain Injury as a

special education diagnostic category. Although this allowed students greater access to

appropriate services, it pointed out the need for additional knowledge and training for educators

working with this population. Therefore, a review of published studies on assessment and

school-based interventions for students with TBI was conducted. Assessment included both

formal, standardized measures and informal methods. Despite the apparent need, few empirical

studies have examined rehabilitation for children and adolescents who have sustained a head

injury. Treatment approaches were divided into three categories: cognitive remediation,

social/behavioral interventions, and the impact of the family on child outcome. Evidence was

found supporting all three areas, but more studies are needed to confirm the findings as well as

study the duration of effects over time. Finally, recommendations for components of a school based

intervention program are outlined.

or classified with emotional/behavioral disorders. However, a review of research indicated that it

is only mildly effective in producing significant outcomes for these students. A number of

factors have been identified as possibly impacting the success of social competency training,

including: the intervention setting, the timing of intervention, characteristics of participants,

characteristics of interventions and the outcome measurements ~d. A review of literature was

conducted to evaluate these factors. Findings of the review indicate that there are not significant

differences between interventions conducted in regular education and resource or small group

settings. The most compelling results were from interventions based in self-contained or

specialized settings; however, there were only a small number of studies in this setting. Timing

of intervention does not appear to be a significant factor. In the studies reviewed, outcomes

were slightly more positive for pre-school and kindergarten age children and older elementary

school age students compared to first and second grade age groups. In terms of participant

characteristics, students with the most severe behaviors and students with externalizing behaviors

were more positively impacted than students with mild or moderate behaviors or internalizing

behaviors. Characteristics of the most successful interventions were those with individualization

procedures, treatment matched to symptoms, programs using the First Step to Success, the use of

emotional competency training, interventions using peers as trainers or role models and the use

of specific behavioral strategies, such as group contingencies. The outcome measurements with

the most compelling results were direct observations, followed by socio-metrics and self-reports.

Academic assessments and rating scales had the least significant outcomes. Limitations include

comparing studies with single subject designs to studies using control group designs and drawing

conclusions based on small numbers of studies with specific characteristics.

instructional and support services for students with academic difficulties, there is a limited

knowledge base about the identification, assessment, and intervention of and for LD in deaf and

hard of hearing (D/HH) students. Given the potential consequences of test results, this review

examined current and recent developments in the field of learning disabilities concerning the

conceptualization of learning disability and the validity and empirical support of earlier

identification methods and various assessment identification options with D/HH students.

Challenges to the process and the need for additional assessment and empirically validated

treatment options are discussed. Until future research provides more explicit guidelines, a case

example with a proposed framework and troubleshooting for critical areas that may interfere

with accurate data-based decision-making is suggested for defining LD that school psychologists

can incorporate in current practice.

goal of research in changing human behavior. Researchers want to demonstrate that it is

indeed the treatment that is effecting a change in the target behavior and not some

extraneous influence. When researchers examine the effectiveness of an intervention the

treatment is implemented with the attempt to decrease the influence of other factors that

may explain behavior change that occurs in hopes to see the desired effect of the

independent variable (treatment) on the dependent variable (behavior). For this type of

research, it is important to keep all variables except for the dependent variable as constant

as possible, even if it is impossible to control for all outside influences. One method to

increase the level of control within a study is to ensure that the treatment is accurately

implemented as planned in order to minimize the effects of outside variables and more

accurately determine if the treatment independent variable did effect any changes in the

dependent variable. The extent to which a treatment plan is followed is often call

treatment integrity, treatment fidelity or procedural reliability (Gresham, 1989). Lack of

treatment integrity limits the confidence in treatment research outcomes by calling into

question whether a functional relationship exists between the treatment process and

behavior outcomes. Until recently few studies have included the evaluation of treatment

integrity of the intervention examined (Schlosser, 2002: Mcintyre, Gresham, Di Gennaro

& Reed, 2007).

twentieth century as a means of inducing relaxation and decreasing muscle tension.

However, only in the last twenty five years have systematic studies of these techniques to

treat children and adolescents appeared with any regularity in the research literature.

The last major review of the literature was published in 1989. The purpose of this

paper was to examine studies published since the last review of the literature. A special

emphasis was placed on studies set in schools or that were relevant to mental health

professionals in those settings. The bulk of this paper was devoted to examining how

PMR has been used in the last decade to treat problems and disorders such as: anxiety,

depression, asthma, headaches, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, juvenile

rheumatoid arthritis, and tourette syndrome. It was found that PMR was most effective in

reducing somatic symptoms of anxiety and headache symptomatology but that more

research must be conducted before the overall efficacy of PMR with childhood

populations can be determined. This paper concludes with a discussion of how the current

findings can be used by school-based mental health practitioners.

children diagnosed with severe cognitive disabilities. Previous research on parents with

children with disabilities was reviewed. Studies were selected from peer-reviewed journal

articles that specifically included children with an IQ below 70 or a noted cognitive

impairment of a severe degree. Children in the study had to be living at home and below

the age of 21. Significant levels of stress and depression were not found consistently in

the studies reviewed. Parents of children with disabilities did report levels of stress and

depression above the control groups in the studies or normative samples when available

for comparison. The review also looked at the relationship between having a child with a

severe disability and the parents' martial relationship. Little support was found in the

articles reviewed for the hypothesis that having a child with a severe disability results in

dysfunction in the marital relationship. The significance of social support, both informally

and formally, was noted in several articles reviewed. The need for continued and

additional support and intervention for families is discussed. Conclusions and

recommendations for future research are presented as well as implications for mental

health professionals and school practitioners working with families with children with

severe disabilities.

• Students need scaffolded, authentic opportunities to practice and develop research skills.
• Interdisciplinary faculty collaboration on assignment redesign facilitates peer feedback that isn't usually available.
• Bringing librarians to the assignment design table establishes stronger connections with and among teaching faculty and promotes deeper learning opportunities for students.

Key principles:

• Reflect on where students get stuck.
• Make the implicit explicit.
• Scaffold the research process.
• Offer formative assessment and opportunities for peer learning.
• Consider authentic, "renewable," or public-facing end products.