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Abstract

Roberts argues that in order to implement ecosystem management, resource management must switch its ecological perspective from an individual-and population-based focus to ecosystem-and landscape-based ecology; from an "object" (form) to "context" (function) approach; and adopt a multi-scalar modeling approach. A major role for science in EM is to predict ecosystem behavior under alternative management strategies. Wilcox, Risbrudt, Thomas, and Kessler all emphasized the critical role of a higher level of science, although Daniels pointed out that there is a risk of creating a politics of expertise. Thus participating scientists have a strong responsibility to communicate their knowledge to the public in understandable ways.

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