Measurement and Modeling of Snow Energy Balance and Sublimation From Snow
Document Type
Conference Paper
Journal/Book Title/Conference
Proceedings, International Snow Science Workshop
Location
Snowbird, Utah
Publication Date
11-1-1994
First Page
260
Last Page
279
Abstract
Snow melt runoff is an important factor in runoff generation for most Utah rivers and a large contributer to Utah's water supply and periodically flooding. The melting of snow is driven by fluxes of energy into the snow during warm periods. These consist of radiant energy from the sun and atmosphere, sensible and latent heat transfers due to turbulent energy exchanges at the snow surface and a relatively small ground flux from below. The turbulent energy exchanges are also responsible for sublimation from the snow surface, particularly in arid environments, and result in a loss of snow water equivalent available for melt. The cooling of the snowpack resulting from sublimation also delays the fOlmation of melt runoff. This paper describes measurements and mathematical modeling done to quantify the sublimation from snow. Measurements were made at the Utah State University drainage and evapotranspiration research farm. I attempted to measure sublimation directly using weighing lysimeters. Energy balance components were measured, by measuring incoming and reflected radiation, wind, temperature and humidity gradients. An energy balance snowmelt model was tested against these measurements. The model uses a lumped representation of the snowpack with two state variables, namely, water equivalent and energy content relative to a reference state of water in the solid phase at O°c. This energy content is used to detennine snowpack average temperature or liquid fraction. The model is driven by inputs of air temperature, precipitation, wind speed, humidity and solar radiation. The model uses physically based calculations of radiative, sensible, latent and advective heat exchanges. An equilibrium parameterization of snow surface temperature accounts for differences between snow surface temperature and average snowpack temperature without having to introduce additional state variables. This is achieved by incorporating the snow surface thennal conductance, which with respect to heat flux is equivalent to stomatal and aerodynamic conductances used to calculate evapotranspiration from vegetation. Melt outflow is a function of the liquid fraction, using Darcy's law. This allows the model to account for continued melt outflow even when the energy balance is negative. The purpose of the measurements presented here was to test the sublimation and turbulent exchange parameterizations in the model. However the weighing lysimeters used to measure sublimation suffered from temperature sensitive oscillations that mask short tenn sublimation measurements. I have therefore used the measured data to test the models capability to represent the overall seasonal accumulation and ablation of snow.
Recommended Citation
Tarboton, David G. “Measurement and Modeling of Snow Energy Balance and Sublimation from Snow.” Proceedings, International Snow Science Workshop, 1 Nov. 1994, pp. 260–279.
