Document Type

Article

Journal/Book Title/Conference

Journal of Fluid Mechanics

Volume

862

Publisher

Cambridge University Press

Publication Date

1-10-2019

First Page

1

Last Page

10

Abstract

It is well known that the water entry of a sphere causes cavity formation above a critical impact velocity as a function of the solid-liquid contact angle (Duez et al. 2007). Using a rough sphere with a contact angle of 120◦, Aristoff & Bush (2009) showed that there are four different cavity shapes dependent on the Bond and Weber numbers (i.e., quasi-static, shallow, deep and surface). We experimentally alter the Bond number, Weber number and contact angle of smooth spheres and find two key additions to the literature: 1) Cavity shape also depends on the contact angle; 2) the absence of a splash crown at low Weber number results in cavity formation below the predicted critical velocity. In addition, we find an alternate scaling for the Bond and Weber numbers that predicts cavity shapes for various impacting bodies (e.g., spheres, multi-droplet streams and jets) on the same regime diagram, thus, merging the often separated studies of solid-liquid and liquid-liquid impact in the literature.

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