Title

Modeling latent growth with multiple indicators: A comparison of three approaches

Document Type

Article

Journal/Book Title/Conference

Psychological Methods

Volume

20

Issue

1

Publisher

American Psychological Association

Publication Date

3-1-2015

First Page

43

Last Page

62

Abstract

Latent growth curve models (LGCMs) are widely used methods for analyzing change in psychology and the social sciences. To date, most applications use first-order (single-indicator) LGCMs. These models have several limitations that can be overcome with multiple-indicator LGCMs. Currently, almost all multiple-indicator applications use the so-called second-order growth model (SGM; McArdle, 1988). In this article, we review the SGM and discuss 2 alternative, but less well-known, multiple-indicator LGCMs that overcome some of the limitations of the SGM: the generalized second-order growth model (GSGM) and the indicator-specific growth model (ISGM). In contrast to the SGM, the GSGM does not involve a proportionality constraint on the ratio of general to specific variance. The ISGM allows researchers to model indicator-specific growth. Both of these alternative models allow testing measurement invariance across time for state-variability components. We also present an empirical application regarding changes in self-reported levels of anxiety and discuss implications of the differences between the 3 models for applied research.

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